Running dynamic and static application security testing (DAST and SAST, respectively) on the application or source code to find injection vulnerabilities is recommended. NoSQL injection attacks may execute in different areas of an application than traditional SQL injection. Because these NoSQL injection attacks may execute within a procedural language, rather than in the declarative SQL language, the potential impacts are greater than traditional SQL injection. NoSQL injection vulnerabilities allow attackers to inject code into commands for databases that dont use SQL queries, such as MongoDB. An example of malicious input is, This input would be constructed into the query, This query would succeed as long as the username is correct. Well, there are different ways such as graph-based or key-value-based. NoSQL (not only SQL) is a trending term in modern data stores; it refers to nonrelational databases that rely on different storage mechanisms such as document store, key-value store, and graph. NoSQL injection vulnerabilities allow attackers to inject code into commands for databases that dont use SQL queries, such as MongoDB. IEEE 29th Symp. NoSQL (not only SQL) is a trending term in modern data stores; it refers to nonrelational databases that rely on different storage mechanisms such as document store, key-value store, and graph. Server Side
Of course, thats not all NoSQLMap can do. In our research, we inspected Sleepy Mongoose, a full-featured HTTP interface for MongoDB. Anywhere you might expect to see SQL injection, you can potentially find nosql injection. This extension provides a way to discover NoSQL injection vulnerabilities. Injection db.myCollection.find( { $where: function() { return obj.credits - obj.debits < 0; } } ); If an attacker were able to manipulate the data passed into the $where operator, that attacker could include arbitrary JavaScript to be evaluated as part of the MongoDB query. However, because JavaScript is a fully featured language, not only does this allow an attacker to manipulate data, but also to run arbitrary code. E. Sahafizadeh and M.A. PHP V8JS Injection A NoSQL injection, similar to that of a SQL injection, can allow attackers to bypass authentication, exfiltrate sensitive data, tamper with data on the database, or even compromise the database and the underlying server. WebExample 2: NoSQL SSJS Injection Vulnerability (PHP + MongoDB) The MongoDB shell provides a sleep() function which makes time-based detection much easier to perform.. Figure 3. Some works already provide reports of NoSQL injection techniques1,3,4. These platforms allow for storage and retrieval of data that's accessed repeatedly and frequently (for example, a cache). Queries to the data store are constructed on the webserver from user-supplied data. However, because $where is also a valid PHP variable name, it may be possible for an attacker to insert code into the query by creating a PHP variable named $where. To get the sum or average of these fields, the developer writes a MapReduce function that takes the field name that it should act on (amount or price) as a parameter from the user. SIEM systems and threat intelligence. IEEE Softwareoffers solid, peer-reviewed information about today's strategic technology issues. For example within MongoDB, if a string containing any of the following special characters were passed unsanitized, it would trigger a database error. Lane, "No SQL and No Security", blog, 9 Aug. 2011;
This injection looks very similar to classic SQL injections. Finally, the last part calls a new MapReduce to balance the injected code into the original statement. They control access to databases, monitor activities with customizable security alerts, and create auditable reports of data access and security events. Installing is as easy as cloning the repository and running the setup.py script. WSTG - Latest This website uses cookies to analyze our traffic and only share that information with our analytics partners. What is NoSQL injection An important part of protecting the application is ensuring a secure deployment. A common feature of NoSQL databases is the ability to run JavaScript in the database engine to perform complicated queries or transactions such as MapReduce. PHP V8JS Injection Design. Figure 6. WebExample 2: NoSQL SSJS Injection Vulnerability (PHP + MongoDB) The MongoDB shell provides a sleep() function which makes time-based detection much easier to perform.. In addition, new attack vectors might be found that were unknown at the time of development testing. Network isolation. After combining this user input into the string that gets executed, we get the following (injected user input is in bold): db.stores.mapReduce(function() { for (var i = 0; i < this.items.length; i++) { emit(this.name, this.items[i].a); } },function(kv) { return 1; }, { out: x }); db.injection.insert({success:1}); return 1;db.stores. Presented by: Sean Chittenden - Director of Engineering. Scale dynamic scanning. We'd love to have more people join our team. Lets see how NoSQL injection differs from traditional SQL injection and what you can do to prevent it. WebTo prevent server-side js injection attacks: Validate user inputs on server side before processing; Do not use eval()function to parse user inputs. Keep an eye on that inbox for the latest news and industry updates. Privilege isolation. For more details, source code, bug reporting and whatever please refer to the author github page, available here, Overall impact: It's also important to ensure JSONP (JSON with padding) and cross-origin resource sharing are disabled in the server API, so no actions can be made directly from a browser. They suffered from a lack of encryption, proper authentication, role management, and fine-grained authorization6. Another challenge is the speed of modern code development with DevOps methodologies, which aim to shorten the time between development and production. In the worst- Mitigating NoSQL Injection Attacks: Part Get started with Burp Suite Professional. Runtime application self-protection. Her research interests include cloud security. SQL is designed to enable queries to be performed against a database, extracting data based upon logical operators. The enterprise-enabled dynamic web vulnerability scanner. 8. Technical leaders who are driving innovation and change in software will share the latest trends and techniques from their real-world projects to help you solve common challenges.Level-up on emerging software trends and get the assurance you're adopting the right patterns and practices.SAVE YOUR SPOT NOW, InfoQ.com and all content copyright 2006-2023 C4Media Inc. NoSQLMap is an open-source Python tool designed to audit for, as well as automate injection attacks and exploit default configuration weaknesses in NoSQL databases and web applications using NoSQL in order to disclose or clone data from the database. JavaScript injections. This week, were going to cover NoSQLMap, the antithesis of SQLMap. I was able to deeply engage with experts and thought leaders to learn more about the topics I covered. In this post, we will look at specific injection attack types, namely Server-Side JavaScript and Blind NoSQL injections. The main mechanisms of SQL attacks relevant in NoSQL can be divided into five classes. 9. In this manner, attackers can perform actionsin this case, inserting new data into the database located in the internal networkwithout having access to the internal network. They're commonly located in front of the data storage, as Figure 4 depicts. How do we go about finding misconfigurations and vulnerabilities related to NoSQL databases? Mitigating NoSQL Injection Attacks: Part Our study shows that although the security of the query language and drivers has largely improved, there are still techniques for injecting malicious queries. Let's examine the architecture depicted in Figure 3, where a Web application is implemented with a PHP back end, which encodes the requests to the JSON format used to query the data store. The result that returns from such injection is the first key that has an associated value. It needs to be passed into the query exactly as shown; any alteration would cause a database error. However, these are only initial results; the problem hasnt been sufficiently studied or received the required attention. This eMag showcases real-world examples of innovator companies pushing the limits with modern software systems. We would also like to ask for your consent to use advertisement cookies to broaden our commercial insights. A NoSQL injection, similar to that of a SQL injection, can allow attackers to bypass authentication, exfiltrate sensitive data, tamper with data on the database, or even compromise the database and the underlying server. K. Zeidenstein, "Organizations Ramp up on NoSQL Databases, but What about Security? Other instructions might be injected using this technique: incr
WebTime-Based PHP V8JS Injection & NoSQL/SSJS Injection Detecting server-side JavaScript (SSJS) injection vulnerabilities using time-based techniques. Please note that JavaScript must be enabled to display rating and popularity information. For example, the developer would do something like the following: With valid input (tolkien + hobbit), this would build the query: But with malicious input, this query can be turned to ignore the password and log in to a user account without the password. In the first section, the payload closes the original MapReduce function; attackers can then execute any desired JavaScript on the database (in bold). To accomplish that, during the installation process of a third-party Node.js module, a check is performed to detect and rewrite APIs that appear to be prone to The NoSQL injection vulnerability can be used by a malicious actor to access and modify sensitive data, including usernames, email addresses, password hashes and login tokens. Enhance security monitoring to comply with confidence. So, for example, the array. Nevertheless, it's still possible. Today, the situation is better, and popular databases have introduced built-in protection mechanisms7. NoSQL Injection Get started with Burp Suite Enterprise Edition. Another example is the use of sanitization libraries. PHP V8JS Injection Although most solutions target relational databases, initial solutions to monitoring NoSQL data stores have already started to appear10. What's the difference between Pro and Enterprise Edition?
For example within MongoDB, the $where syntax itself is a reserved query operator. Learn what's next in software from world-class leaders pushing the boundaries. Mehrnoosh Sameki discusses approaches to responsible AI and demonstrates how open source and cloud integrated ML help data scientists and developers to understand and improve ML models better. Passing unsanitized user input to these queries might allow for injection of arbitrary JavaScript code, which could result in illegal data extraction or alteration. In this article, we show an example attack exploiting Boolean OR operators by adding expressions that are always true (for instance, an empty query {}), which leads to the incorrect evaluation of the entire statement and allows illegal data extraction. There are now over 150 NoSQL databases available for use within an application, providing APIs in a variety of languages and relationship models. A typical insert statement in MongoDB could be the following: This inserts a new document into the books collection with a title and author field. Were going to let the following links speak for themselves. When a database exposes a REST API inside the secured network, anyone with access to the secured network can perform queries on the database using HTTP only, thus allowing such queries to be initiated from the browser. This attack will succeed in any case in which the username is correcta valid assumption as harvesting usernames isn't difficult. Additional timing attacks may be relevant to the lack of concurrency checks within a NoSQL database. NoSQL Injection NoSQL Injection The following requests would make these (or similar) vulnerable web Avoid using other commands with similar effect, such as setTimeOut(), setInterval(), and Function(). The easiest way to view NoSQLMap is as the NoSQL variant of SQLMap. OWASP, the OWASP logo, and Global AppSec are registered trademarks and AppSec Days, AppSec California, AppSec Cali, SnowFROC, and LASCON are trademarks of the OWASP Foundation, Inc. Popular databases that allow this include MongoDB and CouchDB and its descendants, Cloudant and BigCouch. Since these queries often include user-provided input, they can be vulnerable to attack if input sanitization is not properly performed. This is especially true for some NoSQL databases that are relatively new and lack role-based permissions, which means anyone can execute anything on them (as was the case for Memcached). In this article, we provide an analysis of NoSQL threats and techniques as well as their mitigation mechanisms. GET requests can often be typed into the browser directly by adding nosql into the URL directly: 1. site.com/page?query=term || '1'=='1 2. site.com/page?user [$ne]=nobody Imperva prevented 10,000 attacks in the first 4 hours of Black Friday weekend with no latency to our online customers., Gartner Magic Quadrant for WAAP 2022 (Full Report), The Anatomy of a Scalping Bot: NSB Goes Undercover & How it Avoids Detection, CVE-2023-29552: Abusing the SLP Protocol to Launch Massive DDoS Amplification Attacks, Imperva Red Team Discovers Vulnerability in TikTok That Can Reveal User Activity and Information. Both this paper and the accompanying talk will discuss security vulnerabilities that can arise when software developers create applications or modules for use with JavaScript-based server applications such as NoSQL database engines or Node.js web servers. Get the most out of the InfoQ experience. Last time, we covered the anatomy of a NoSQL injection, as well as how to mitigate it. S.M. The CRLF injection can be used to concatenate several get requests. Ron has a BSc in computer science from Ben Gurion University. A Web application is implemented with a PHP back end, which encodes the requests to the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format used to query the data store. This injection can also take place from the get command. Alexandra Shulman-Peleg is a cloud security domain lead in the innovation center of Citibank. Access to the database is performed via a driveran access protocol wrapper that provides libraries for database clients in multiple programming languages. SSJI (Server Side JavaScript Injection): details and techniques on how applications that use a big data back end may be vulnerable. Now let's see how a CSRF attack uses this functionality to add a new document to the admins collection, thus adding a new admin user to the hr database (which is located in the supposedly safe internal network), as Figure 5 depicts. Becoming an editor for InfoQ was one of the best decisions of my career. 7. This stage is sometimes overlooked. The most commonly used API call allowing arbitrary JavaScript input is the $where operator. Unless otherwise specified, all content on the site is Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike v4.0 and provided without warranty of service or accuracy. 1-866-777-9980 Anton Puzanov is a security researcher for the IBM Cyber Security Center of Excellence. I discovered InfoQs contributor program earlier this year and have enjoyed it since then! Although NoSQL data stores' new data models and query formats make old attacks, such as SQL injections, irrelevant, they give attackers new opportunities to insert malicious code. 541547. Regarding SSJI attacks, a recent work that has the same grounds with NodeXP is Synode [6], which attempts to mitigate injection vulnerabilities in Node.js applications. Lets see how NoSQL injection differs from traditional SQL injection and what you can do to prevent it. In cross-origin attacks, attackers exploit legitimate users and their Web browsers to perform an unwanted action. Lets examine the example on Memcacheds homepage, which starts with these three lines: This example shows a typical use of Memcached; it checks whether the input exists in the database before processing it. Lets try this out ourselves. Attackers can perform the same injections using the multiple-item functions: deleteMulti, getMulti, and setMulti, where the injection should occur in one of the key fields. WebTime-Based PHP V8JS Injection & NoSQL/SSJS Injection Detecting server-side JavaScript (SSJS) injection vulnerabilities using time-based techniques. Try to identify NoSQLi. JavaScript enables complicated transactions and queries on the database engine. Download BApp. The wide adoption of these databases has been facilitated by the new requirements of modern large-scale applications, such as Facebook, Amazon, and Twitter, which need to distribute data across a huge number of servers. NoSQL database calls are written in the applications programming language, a custom API call, or formatted according to a common convention (such as XML, JSON, LINQ, etc). 2. 29 Humans are error prone; even after following all the secure development best practices, vulnerabilities might still be found in the software after deployment. You need to Register an InfoQ account or Login or login to post comments. This is the second part of a two-part series on NoSQL injections. Lets see how NoSQL injection differs from traditional SQL injection and what you can do to prevent it. NoSQL (not only SQL) databases among the top 10 are MongoDB, Cassandra, and Redis; all three are growing in popularity. Regarding SSJI attacks, a recent work that has the same grounds with NodeXP is Synode [6], which attempts to mitigate injection vulnerabilities in Node.js applications. Even if a query depended on no user input, such as the following example, an attacker could exploit MongoDB by replacing the operator with malicious data. For example, filtering out common HTML special characters such as < > & ; will not prevent attacks against a JSON API, where special characters include / { } :. Imperva Web Application Attack Report, 4th ed., Imperva, 2013;
The following requests would make these (or similar) vulnerable web His research interests include application security testing products. Reduce risk. NoSQL SSJI Authentication Bypass It's also recommended to integrate these scans into the continuous build and deployment systems such that they run every cycle or check-in, and bugs are captured and fixed immediately not just during the security testing phase. WebSide JavaScript Injection: Attacking NoSQL and Node.js. Runtime application self-protection (RASP) introduces a new application security approach in which the defense mechanism is embedded into the application at runtime, allowing it to monitor itself. Anywhere you might expect to see SQL injection, you can potentially find nosql injection. Furthermore, threat intelligence tools can assist in providing data on malicious IP addresses and domains as well as other indicators of compromise, which can help detect injections. As long as a database is deployed in a secure network behind security measures such as firewalls, to compromise the database, attackers must either find a vulnerability that will let them into the secure network or perform an injection that will let them execute arbitrary queries. The internal network is bound to be infiltrated at some point, and it's our duty to make it as difficult as possible for attackers to gain advantages from that point on. consider URL parameters, POST parameters, and even sometimes HTTP headers. One way to potentially assign data to PHP variables is via HTTP Parameter Pollution (see: Testing for HTTP Parameter pollution). Yet these databases are still potentially vulnerable to injection attacks, even if they aren't using the traditional SQL syntax. to test for NoSQL injections Union queries. Therefore, monitoring and defending the application at runtime is recommended. Another common feature of NoSQL databases is that they can often expose an HTTP REST API that enables database query from client applications. Utilizing shared libraries that have undergone a security validation process, thus narrowing the window of security mistakes, is recommended. WebThe NoSQL injection is defined as it is a misconception in a web application that can use a NoSQL database and it is different from SQL injection. The defense against such an attack is to disable the use of JavaScript execution in the database configuration. Let's take a model of a store that has a collection of items; each item has a price and an amount. Mitigating security risks in NoSQL deployments is important in light of the attack vectors we present in this article. Ever since big data and real-time applications have become the norm, weve increasingly needed different database solutions. InfoQ Homepage
By requiring fewer relational constraints and consistency checks, NoSQL databases often offer performance and scaling benefits. But does this mean that NoSQL systems are immune to injections? Regarding SSJI attacks, a recent work that has the same grounds with NodeXP is Synode [6], which attempts to mitigate injection vulnerabilities in Node.js applications. Save time/money. Although dynamic analysis tools were shown to be useful in detecting SQL injection attacks9, they should be adjusted to detect the specific NoSQL database vulnerabilities that we describe in this article. Please note that extensions are written by third party users of Burp, and PortSwigger Web Security makes no warranty about their quality or usefulness for any particular purpose. Union query is a well-known SQL injection technique in which attackers exploit a vulnerable parameter to change the dataset returned for a given query. would be encoded by PHP to the following JSON: If a PHP application has a login mechanism in which the username and password are sent from the user's browser via HTTP POST (the vulnerability is applicable to HTTP get as well), a typical post URLencoded payload would look like this: The back-end PHP code to process it and query Mongo DB for the user would look like the following: This makes perfect sense and is intuitively what the developer is likely to do, intending a query of. For example, if we want to add the new document { username: 'attacker' } to the collection admins in the database called hr on the safe.internal.db host, we would send a post HTTP request to http://safe .internal.db/hr/admins/_insert with the URL encoded data username=attacker. From there, you can continue exploitation. Medium. Under DDoS Attack? By running python nosqlmap.py you can start the interactive CLI for running your checks. When this string is passed as a token, the database will be checked for the existence of random_token and will add my_crafted_token with the value root. Injection The following constructed query shows user input in bold and the rest in plain text: { username: tolkien, $or: [ {}, { a: a, password } ], $comment: successful MongoDB injection }. Access to the database is performed via a driveran access protocol wrapper that provides libraries for database clients in multiple programming languages. Indeed, the popularity of NoSQL databases has grown consistently over the past several years, and MongoDB is ranked fourth among the 10 most popular databases, as Figure 1 illustrates. NoSQL (not only SQL) is a trending term in modern data stores; it refers to nonrelational databases that rely on different storage mechanisms such as document store, key-value store, and graph. For parsing JSON input, instead of using eval(), use a safer alternative such as JSON.parse(). In MongoDB, queries and data are represented in JSON format, which is better than SQL in terms of security because it is more well-defined, is simple to encode and decode, and has good native implementations in every programming language.
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